Did the Ancient Greeks and Romans have a sense of fashion? Historians of dress have traditionally claimed that fashion in the modem sense did not exist in Greece and Rome, but this assertion rests upon a misconception of rather sophisticated Greco-Roman attitudes toward physical appearance, as well as upon definitions of “dress“ and “fashion“ that are too limited. As is abundantly clear from their art and literature, the ancients attached great importance to ideals of bodily perfection and to outward appearance in general. Both the Greeks and the Romans demonstrated, from their earliest history, an extraordinary awareness of the potential of the body(and various modifications that could be made to it) as a means of marking social, political, religious, and even moral distinctions, aside from the opportunities dress and body decoration represent for self-expression or the pursuit of beauty. The ancients manipulated the expressive potential of clothing and adornments in a myriad of contexts: in their rituals, in theatre, and in the political arena, as well as in literature. There is also considerable evidence of innovation, experimentation, and the determined expression of personal style, even in Republican Rome where societal norms or expectations were ostensibly rigid in regard to clothing, correct grooming, or the use of jewelry, perfume or cosmetics. “Fashion“ may be said to encompass any of four forms. First, there is a conscious manipulation of dress that strives for effect, a “momentary instance“ of fashion, “fashion statement“ or “fad“. Second, fashion may designate innovations in dress that are more enduring than simple fads. Some of these changes occur abruptly, whether due to political upheavals, economic fluctuations, or even the sudden abundance or scarcity of certain materials; other innovations may develop more deliberately. Third is the phenomenon whereby styles in a particular area of dress change swiftly and repeatedly, with the new ones replacing the old in rapid succession. Finally, fashion may refer specifically to the use of such adornments as cosmetics, fragrance, and jewelry, whose primary purpose is to enhance a wearer’s natural features. Primarily considered the preserve of women, this aspect also plays a significant role in the lives of men, especially in the male-dominated societies of Greece and Rome, in which the “correct“ appearance was often a necessary prerequisite to a man’s political success.According to the author, the Ancient Greeks and Romans ______. had a sense of fashion did not had a sense of fashion had many misconceptions about fashion had a limited definition of fashion

Supermarkets. Department stores. Private arts and crafts stores. Grocery stores.

M: Good afternoon, Mrs. Keaton. W: Good afternoon, Mr. Duncan. Please come in and have a seat. M: Thank you. W: I have been looking through your application. You seem to have many of the qualifications needed for this position, especially experience. M: I have been in computer programming for eight years now. W: Yes, I see. Were you satisfied with your last position, Mr. Duncan? M: Generally, yes. But to be honest, not entirely. I was with a small, family-owned company, and chances for advancement were very limited. W: The letter of reference from the president praises your work highly. M: Mr. Smith gave me a lot of responsibility and I learned a great deal about company operations. W: Well, we ask for loyalty and hard work from our employees. But we pay well, and opportunities for promotion depend on merit, not just age or seniority. M: I am very interested in working for your firm, Mrs. Keaton. W: I see. I have a few more applicants to interview today for this position. But at the moment, your chances look very good. We will be in touch with you shortly, Mr. Duncan. M: Thank you for your time, and I am looking forward to your decision. C, Good-bye, Mrs. Keaton. W: Good-bye, Mr. Duncan. To represent his firm. To pay a social call. To have an interview. To service a computer.

An integral part of the story of America, the cowboy is a national symbol. America’s first cowboys came from Mexico. Beginning in the 1500s, vaqueros—the Spanish【C1】______for “cowboy“—were hired to drive and tend to livestock between Mexico and【C2】______is now New Mexico and Texas. Cowboys came from a【C3】______of backgrounds, and included European【C4】______, African Americans, and Native Americans. 【C5】______America built railroads further and further west,【C6】______industry, transportation and white settlements in fonner Indian【C7】______, the cowboy played a【C8】______part in the nation’s expansion. But townspeople【C9】______on cowboys as lawless troublemakers who brought【C10】______but violence and immorality , and some even【C11】______them from town. With the rise of private landholdings in the late 1800s, the cattle driving industry had lost its【C12】______. By the 1890s, the wide open ranges and cattle trails were gone and privatized, and the days of the long cattle drives were over. Smaller-scale cattle drives continued【C13】______the mid-1900s, with livestock herded throughout the southwestern United States. Most cowboys left the open trail and took jobs at one of numerous private ranches that were settling across the West. But as the work of actual cowboys【C14】______in the U. S. , the cowboy lifestyle continued to【C15】______ground by a new Hollywood film genre: the Western movie. The late 1900s were tough times for cowboys, ranchers, farmers and anyone working with the land in the U. S. Changing modes of food production and【C16】______, widespread urbanization and【C17】______economic difficulties forced many to sell their land,【C18】______bankrupt, change professions , or【C19】______in debt. Despite decades of socioeconomic change, cowboys still don’t have health insurance—and they don’t【C20】______. Times might be changing, but as a symbol of persistence, self-sufficiency and a hard work ethic, cowboys live on.

To be frank, I should say Tom______ (与其说是个摄影师，不如说是个画家).

Learning a foreign language is a question of learning new skills, of ______ new knowledge. obtaining acquiring attaining achieving

Fed up with the terrible performances of the team he’d been watching for years, he ______ his support to their rivals. exchanged transmitted transferred removed

The police have ______ all the other suspects, so only one now remains. destroyed eliminated cancelled forbidden

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled How to Make Good Use of College Life. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 大学生活是人生中一个重要的阶段； 2. 有些大学生不珍惜宝贵的时光； 3. 我们应怎样充分利用大学时光。

Where to Find Money for College Paying for college has become a national nightmare. With four years’ education at many good private schools costing over $100,000, parents are ready to break out. No way can they cover such an amount out of current incomes—even if grandparents chip in. Yet many families manage to get their kids through school—without being taken to the cleaners. How do they do it? Here are some strategies for raising the money or cutting the expense—some of them little known but very effective. Keep their noses in the books. Many excellent schools offer scholarships to kids at the top of their high-school class, regardless of financial need. Says counselor Jim Alexander of Highland Park High School near Chicago, “Other than proving need, the best way to get money is high grades.“ Even though some top schools, such as those in the Ivy League, award no merit scholarships, most other colleges do. At Marquette University in Wisconsin, for instance, these with SAT scores of at least 1,300 can try for five full-tuition scholarships, each worth $13,010.Nearly half of Marquette’s 1,600 freshmen get some merit aid. In 1994 Ohio’s Case Western Reserve awarded 1,200 merit scholarship—the best of them covering full tuition. At Boston University, merit money is doled out (少量地发放)to some 550 of the 4350 member freshman class. The biggest award is full tuition plus fees-worth more than $ 19,000—for SAT scores of at least 1450. Says B.U. financial-aid director Barbara Torrnow, “The best students will receive whatever aid they need to come to our school.“ Check the earmarks. Some colleges have scholarship money earmarked (指定用途)for particular majors. George Washington University, for example, awards $ 7,500 scholarships to the best of its chemistry and physics students who score 650 or above on the math SATs and are in the top 15 percent of their class. Undergraduate schools of engineering—at Texas and Michigan, among others—often have money to hand out. Encourage sports. If your kids are into water sports, they could get a grant from Stanford or Berkeley. At Northwestern University, where some 265 students received athletic scholarships last year, softball can provide a ticket for half the total $ 24,921 cost of attendance. (Football covers the full tab. ) Lake Erie College in Ohio awards $ 2,000 equestrian scholarships, though the college does not regard them as sports awards. Indiana University and some other schools have a scholarship for needy students in the top 25 percent of their class who have been golf caddies for at least two summers. Especially encourage your daughters. As University of Texas at Austin financial-services director lawrence Burt says, “Sports scholarships are much more prevalent for women than a decade ago.“ Notre Dame, for example, awards women volleyball players scholarships that cover tuition fees, and room and board, valued at $ 22,600. Scholarships go not only to young women who excel in basketball, softball and lacrosse but also to those who excel at golf and — at Marquette — even riflery. Push those music lessons. Many colleges seek students talented in music, art and theater. Boston University might pay thousands of dollars for your bassoonist child to play in its orchestra. Your trombonist could pick up a scholarship by joining the University of Texas band. Cash in on competition. Apply to schools that are feeling competitive heart. Lehigh University, for instance, with an annual cost of almost $ 27,000, grew tired of losing students to Penn State, which charges Pennsylvania residents about $ 9,500. Last year Lehigh began awarding 25 to 30 of its best applicants scholarships ranging from $ 5,000 to $ 7,000 a year. Not to be outdone, nearby Lafayette College (cost: $ 27,221) provides $10,000 scholarships to selected students, as well as college—funded study abroad and $1,000 research grants. Similar competitive wars are raging in New York. Last fall, the University of Rochester began awarding $ 5,000 to every freshman who is a New York State resident or the child of an alumnus-no strings attached. The objective: to close the price gap with the State University of New York. Bard College, in Annandale-on-Hudson, gees further: if your child is among the top ten students in a public high school anywhere in the United States, he or she can attend Bard-costing $ 27,069 a year—for the same price charged by your state university. Shop for local bargains. Don’t overlook state schools. Some provide quality education for bargain— basement prices, provided you’re a state resident. A Michigander’s maximum tab for the highly regard University of Michigan at Ann Arbor comes to roughly $13,000; it’s nearly double that for nonresidents. The school will also provide financial aid to needy in-state residents. Similarly the University of North Carolina costs its residents about $ 7,300 at the flagship campus at Chapel Hill, less than half the sum charged out-of-staters. Californians pay $13,474 to attend top-notch Berkeley versus $ 21,173 for everybody else (with exceptions made for children of military personnel). Tempted to move just to save on college costs7 If you want to be considered a local, most state schools require you to have lived in the state for 12 continuous months before the start of classes, have voted and have registered your car there. (Many will grant in-state status to children of military personnel.) Look for private grants. All kinds of civic groups, private foundations, professional organizations and corporations—perhaps even your employer- give out scholarships. In 1995 Westinghouse science awards—from $1,000 to $ 40,000—were awarded to 40 students. Coca-Cola awards 150 scholarships annually, including 50 for $ 5,000 a year. More typical are the $1,000 awards given out by such local outfits as the Kiwanis or Elks. Some high schoolers put together a suing of these scholarships. At Duke University, financial-aid officers still talk of the student who several years back won 11 individual awards, each for about $1,000. Manuals with information on private grants are available in libraries and bookstores. Some high schools are set up with computer programs that enable kids to plumb scholarship data. For example, your local high school, college or public library may have the College Board’s College Coot Explorer Fund Finder, which matches students’ talents and interests with available scholarships. Try for a discount. If you send more than one child to the same school, cheek to see if there’s a volume discount. Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey gives $ 2,500 grants to siblings(同胞兄弟或姐妹) who are at the school simultaneously. Your twins can attend Lake Erie College for the price of one $11,840 tuition, although you still pay twice for room and board. Put the kids to work. Many financial-aid packages include student employment, usually on-campus work at, say, the food service. Beyond that, urban campuses provide more opportunity to earn money. At New York University, students hustle intern jobs at advertising agencies, Wall Street firms and TV stations. Engineering students at Northwestern’s five-year cooperative program can make an average of $1,900 a month at local engineering firms. University of Texas students find off-campus jobs with the many high-tech firms located in Austin.

GPS stands for the Global Positioning System. It refers to a system of satellites and receivers that allow people and devices to detect their precise location on the earth. (26) The heart of the system relies on 24 satellites that orbit the earth twice per day. Devices that are equipped with GPS equipment receive transmissions from at least a few of the satellites and are able to collect very precise positioning data. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1974 and the 24th was launched in 1994. The system is operated by the United States Department of Defense and the use of the system is free for anyone. New satellites are periodically launched to replace aging ones. (27) As the technology has improved, the cost of GPS devices has greatly declined while the accuracy has increased. Small portable GPS receivers have become very affordable, (27) and the accuracy is amazing. Accuracy varies based on various factors, but it can be as good as a few meters! Land-based supplementary devices can be used to improve accuracy if higher precision is required. (28) The application of the GPS is very broad, and as the prices come down the number of uses is increasing. Portable GPS devices are used by fishermen to help them sail around the wild. Many new cars are being equipped with GPS systems to help drivers with finding directions. The military uses GPS to guide cruise missiles to pre-specified targets. 26. According to the passage, what stands at the center of the global positioning system? 27. Which aspect of the GPS is emphasized by the speaker? 28. According to the passage, why is the use of GPS increasing? The position which the system provides. The information transmitted from satellites. The satellites that revolve around the earth. The portable device installed in vehicles.

Early one morning, more than a hundred years ago, an American inventor called Elias Howe finally fell asleep. He had been working all night on the design of a sewing machine but he had run into a very difficult problem; (29)it seemed impossible to get the thread to run smoothly around the needle. Though he was tired, Howe so, Howe ran into the salve problem as before. (29)The thread kept getting caught, around the needle. The king flew into the cage and ordered his soldiers to kill Howe. They came up towards him with their spears raised, hut suddenly the inventor noticed something. There was a hole in the tip of each spear. The inventor awoke from the dream, realizing that (30)he bad just found the answer to the problem. Instead of trying to get the thread to run around the needle, he should make it run through a small hole in the center of the needle. This was the simple idea that finally made Howe design and build the first really practiced sewing machine．(31)Elias Howe was not the only one who found the answer to his problem in this way. Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric light, said his best ideas came into him in dreams. So did the great physicist Albert Einstein. Charlotte Bronte also drew in her dreams in writing Jane Eyre. What kind of thread to use. How to design a needle which would not break. Where to put the needle. How to prevent the thread from getting caught around the needle.

With total revenues of over￡ 517 million each year, football in Britain is big business. Within British football-the biggest business of all is Manchester United. This should be no【B1】______ The club has won the league【B2】______for four of the last five years, and has【B3】______ attendance of over【B4】______ people. As England’s most【B5】______ team, Manchester United’s matches are【B6】______ more often than those of their【B7】______ and so the club receive more money from the【B8】______-￡5.7 million last season. Yet it is not just success in football【B9】______. Every aspect of the club is analyzed in terms of its potential to bring in revenue. Manchester United【B10】______,like Nike or Christian Dior, which analysts say would be worth ￡127 million【B11】______.

Would you be happier if you spent more time discussing the state of the world and the meaning of life--and less time talking about the weather? It may sound counterintuitive(违反直觉的), but people who spend more of their day having deep discussions and less time engaging in small talk seem to be happier, said Matthias Mehl, a psychologist at the University of Arizona who published a study on the【S1】______. “We found this so interesting, because it could have gone the other way--it could have been, ’Don’t worry, be happy’--as long as you surf on the【S2】______level of life you’re happy, and if you go into the essential depths you’ll be unhappy,“ Dr.Mehl said. But, he【S3】______, deep conversation seemed to hold the【S4】______to happiness for two main reasons: both because human beings are driven to find and create【S5】______in their lives, and because we are social animals who want and need to【S6】______with other people. “By engaging in meaningful conversations, we manage to impose meaning on a(n)【S7】______pretty chaotic world,“ Dr. Mehl said. “And interpersonally, as you find this meaning, you bond with your interactive partner, and we know that interpersonal connection and integration is a core【S8】______foundation of happiness.“ Dr. Mehl’s study was small and doesn’t【S9】______a cause-and-effect relationship between the kind of conversations one has and one’s happiness. But that’s the【S10】______next step, when he will ask people to increase the number of deep conversations they have each day and cut back on small talk, and vice versa. A)proposed B)contact C)otherwise D)shallow E)calculated F)subject G)prove H)planned I)connect J)love K)fundamental L)nevertheless M)meaning N)fantastic O)key

Did the Ancient Greeks and Romans have a sense of fashion? Historians of dress have traditionally claimed that fashion in the modem sense did not exist in Greece and Rome, but this assertion rests upon a misconception of rather sophisticated Greco-Roman attitudes toward physical appearance, as well as upon definitions of “dress“ and “fashion“ that are too limited. As is abundantly clear from their art and literature, the ancients attached great importance to ideals of bodily perfection and to outward appearance in general. Both the Greeks and the Romans demonstrated, from their earliest history, an extraordinary awareness of the potential of the body(and various modifications that could be made to it) as a means of marking social, political, religious, and even moral distinctions, aside from the opportunities dress and body decoration represent for self-expression or the pursuit of beauty. The ancients manipulated the expressive potential of clothing and adornments in a myriad of contexts: in their rituals, in theatre, and in the political arena, as well as in literature. There is also considerable evidence of innovation, experimentation, and the determined expression of personal style, even in Republican Rome where societal norms or expectations were ostensibly rigid in regard to clothing, correct grooming, or the use of jewelry, perfume or cosmetics. “Fashion“ may be said to encompass any of four forms. First, there is a conscious manipulation of dress that strives for effect, a “momentary instance“ of fashion, “fashion statement“ or “fad“. Second, fashion may designate innovations in dress that are more enduring than simple fads. Some of these changes occur abruptly, whether due to political upheavals, economic fluctuations, or even the sudden abundance or scarcity of certain materials; other innovations may develop more deliberately. Third is the phenomenon whereby styles in a particular area of dress change swiftly and repeatedly, with the new ones replacing the old in rapid succession. Finally, fashion may refer specifically to the use of such adornments as cosmetics, fragrance, and jewelry, whose primary purpose is to enhance a wearer’s natural features. Primarily considered the preserve of women, this aspect also plays a significant role in the lives of men, especially in the male-dominated societies of Greece and Rome, in which the “correct“ appearance was often a necessary prerequisite to a man’s political success.According to the author, the Ancient Greeks and Romans ______. had a sense of fashion did not had a sense of fashion had many misconceptions about fashion had a limited definition of fashion

The little girl ____________ (向她生病的朋友不胜表示关怀) by giving her some candy.

In the course of my schooling. I will never forget ____________(所遇到的大困难)in learning English.

The amount of any of these ingredients can be ______ according to your taste. remedied treated adopted adjusted

It was with great delight that I read in your February ______ the letter written by Prof. Wu. issue copy printing periodical

M: I’ve been practicing that song all week, but I’m still afraid of standing in front of such a large audience. W: Just act as if they are all your friends and you’ll be fine. Q: What does the woman suggest the man do? Join in the acting group to make a few friends. Sing the song for his friends first. Pretend that he is performing for his friends. Sit there to practice the song.

One of the biggest problems in developing countries is hunger. An organization called Heifer International is working to improve file situation. The organization sends farm animals to families and communities around the world. An American farmer Dan West developed the idea for Heifer International in the 1930s. Mr. West was working in Spain where he discovered a need for cows. Many families were starving because of the Civil War in that country. So Mr. West asked his friends in the Unites States to send some cows. The first Heifer animals were sent in 1944. Since that time more than 4 million people in 115 countries have had better lives because of Heifer animals. To receive a Heifer animal, families must first explain their needs and goals, They must also make a plan which will allow them to become selfsupporting. Local experts usually provide training. The organization says that animals must have food, water, shelter, health care and the ability to reproduce. Without them, the animals will not remain healthy and productive. Heifer International also believes that families must pass on some of their success to others in need. This belief guarantees that each person who takes part in the program also becomes a giver. Every family that receives a Heifer animal must agree to give that animal’s first female baby to other people in need. Families must also agree to pass on the skills and training they receive from Heifer International. This concept helps communities become selfsupporting. He was wounded in the Spanish civil war. He was interested in the study of wild animals. He started the organization Heifer International He sold his cows to many countries in the world.

The Greeks and Romans were aware of the potential of modifications to the body to ______.

According to the text, which of the following may lead to enduring innovations in dress?

Why did the fourth aspect mentioned by the author play a significant role in the lives of men in Ancient Greece and Rome?

It can be inferred from the text that ______.