According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders“. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done“. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit(阻碍)attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on______.

A．ensuring harmonious relationships

B．sharing responsibility with group members

C．identifying new leaders

D．achieving a goal

In mentioning “natural leaders“ in line 8, the author is making the point that______.

A．few people qualify as “natural leaders“

B．there is no proof that “natural leaders“ exist

C．natural leaders are easily accepted by the members of a group

D．natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics

Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A．person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.

B．Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.

C．A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.

D．Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

A．The problems faced by leaders.

B．How leadership differs in small and large groups.

C．How social groups determine who will lead them.

D．The role of leaders in social groups.

It is a______to hear his speech. bored bore boring borescme

One of his______ is to become the President of the Motor General. achievements ideas ambitions careers

A friendship may be______, casual, situational or deep and lasting. identical original superficial critical

He just cannot______to the different life style here in America. alter modify adapt adopt

We Americans do a lot of business______lunch, but people here prefer to tell stories. in over within without

President Banda’s background as a doctor has given him______into the medical problems that face the country. a view a vision an insight a sight

He arrived very late at night, ______ in the early hours this morning. in conclusion or rather on the whole by and large

He was at the______of his career when he was killed in a traffic accident. glamour extreme bloom peak

The doctors drew the conclusion that the young man’s blindness was______. consistent partial internal temporary

______ preparations are now being made for the President’s official visit to three foreign countries. Elaborate Graceful Royal Tedious

Sixteen years ago, Eileen Doyle’s husband, an engineer, took his four children up for an early morning cup of tea, packed a small case and was never seen or heard of again. Eileen was astonished and in a state of despair. They had been a happy family and, as far as she knew, there had been nothing wrong with their marriage. Every day of the year a small group of men and women quietly pack a few belongings and without so much as a note or a goodbye close the front door for the last time, leaving their debts, their worries and their confused families behind them. Last year, more than 1, 200 men and nearly as many women were reported missing from home-the highest in 15 years. Many did return home within a year, but others rejected the past completely and are now living a new life somewhere under a different identity. To those left behind this form of desertion is a terrible blow to their pride and self-confidence. Even the finality of death might be preferable. At least it does not imply rejection or failure. Worse than that, people can be left with an unfinished marriage, not knowing whether they will have to wait seven years before they are free to start a fresh life. Clinical psychologist Paul Brown believes most departures of this kind to be well planned rather than impulsive. “It’s typical of the kind of personality which seems able to ignore other people’s pain and difficulties. Running away, like killing yourself, is a highly aggressive act. By creating an absence the people left behind feel guilty, upset and empty. “

Psychiatrists(精神病专家)who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing-older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children.

An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices.

When applying for a job, one usually has to submit a resume or curriculum vitae(CV).

人都是这山望着那山高，对自己的状况没有满意的时候。

这件大衣不能穿了。买件新的吧。

我断断续续学了12年的英语了。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Brief Introduction to the University. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines: 假设你是一名学生志愿者，要给来你们学校参观的外国朋友介绍学校情况。内容应包括学校历史、规模、教学现状以及未来目标等。

Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people______harm them. more than better than other than rather than

In New York there is a shifting population of vagrants usually with an unhealthy______for alcohol. attitude aptitude appetite altitude

The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on______.

In mentioning “natural leaders“ in line 8, the author is making the point that______.

Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 1?

The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become recognized as a leader of a social group EXCEPT

What does the passage mainly discuss?