A man sits alone at a workbench, starting at a piece of equipment with a puzzled frown(皱眉). He says:“So if I put red four there, and link it to blue three, that’ll leave blue six free. Then I can use that for green four. Right. “ He begins to work. People often feel the need to speak their thoughts aloud. If asked why they do it, they reply that it helps their concentration. Authors often make similar remarks about the need to get a first draft down on paper, in order to see whether what they have written corresponds to(相符合)what they had in mind. The French thinker, Joseph Joubert(1754—1824), once said, “We only know just what we meant to say after we have said it. “ Perhaps the most common use of language as an instrument of thought is found when people perform mathematical calculations “in their head“. Very often, this supposedly “mental“ act is accompanied by a verbal commentary(口头评论). However, it is not essential that language used in this way should always be spoken aloud or written down. Often, people can be seen to move their lips while they are thinking, but no actual sound emerges. Language is evidently present, but in a “sub-vocal“ form. Several theories have been proposed about the role of lauguage as the instrument of thought-notably that of the Russian psychologist, Lev Semenovich Vygotsky(1896— 1934), who argued for a concept of “inner speech“, a mental use of words to evoke(唤起)a sequence of thoughts. Do all thoughts, then, require language? This complex question can not be answered easily without consideration of the main factors which give rise to(导致)the complications(复杂性).

What topic will the author mainly discuss in the next paragraph?

A．The role of language in thinking.

B．Vygotsky’s idea.

C．The main factors which make the question difficult to answer.

D．The concept of “inner speech“.

From the last paragraph we can know that______.

A．the Russian psychologist, Vygotsky refused the idea of “inner speech“

B．several theories have been suggested that the concept of “inner speech“ could be adopted

C．the question that if all thought requires language was explained and answered by Vygotsky

D．Vygotsky explored the relation between language and thoughts

Which of the following can best explain the idea of French thinker Joseph Joubert(quoted in paragraph 2)?

A．We do not know what we mean when we are talking.

B．We can not understand ourselves before we speak out.

C．We have a clearer idea of what we meant only after we have spoken it out.

D．We always know ourselves through talking to somebody.

In paragraph 1, the author gives the example to show _ ____,

A．that the man has a peculiar habit of talking to himself

B．that he can only concentrate by talking to himself

C．that it is common to find someone talking to himself while working

D．that speaking out ones thought is a very common practice

What is the author mainly concerned with in the passage?

A．The relation between spoken language and written language.

B．The necessity to study the habit of speaking aloud.

C．The use of language in human thinking process.

D．The differences in some theories concerning the relation between language and thougt.

Had he worked harder, he______the exams. must have got through would have got through permitted are freshmen are permitted freshmen

Whether you live to eat or eat to live, food is a major______in every family’s budget. nutrition expenditure routine provision

The manager tried to wave aside these issues as______ details that would be settled later. versatile trivial preliminary alternate

Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still blank hollow vacant bare

His remarks left me______about his real purpose. wondered wonder to wonder wondering

______in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. The girl was educated The girl educated The girl’s being educated The girl to be educated

Until then, his family______from him for six months. didn’t hear hasn’t been hearing hasn’t heard hadn’t heard

The prospect of increased prices has already worries. provoked irritated inspired hoisted

Before he left for his vacation he went to the bank to______some money. pull pick gain draw

The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house______ the terms of the contract. in the vicinity of in quest of in accordance with in collaboration with

Follow the following tips to reduce your stress to manageable levels! Avoid “Must“ think. Let go of the notion that you must do something in a certain way, for example, “I must get a great score on a test, or else. “ This thought pattern only adds to the stress you’ll feel. Evaluate your situation coldly and analytically, and not as a “life or death“ situation. Watch the Mess. Don’t study in a messy or cramped area. Clear yourself a nice, open space that’s free of distractions. Set Manageable Goals. Break large projects into smaller and doable parts and you’ll feel a positive sense of accomplishment as you finish each part. Ocean Dumping. Visualize yourself walking on a beautiful beach, carrying a sand pail. Stop at a good spot and put your worries into the pail. Drop the pail and watch as it drifts away into the ocean. Think Good Thoughts. Create a set of positive but brief affirmations and mentally repeat them to yourself just before you fall asleep at night, and you will feel a lot more positive in the morning. Imagine Yourself Succeeding. Close your eyes and remember a real life situation in which you did well. Imagine facing your stressful situation with the same feelings of confidence. Use Your Bed for Sleeping, not Studying. Your mind may start to associate your bed with work, which will make it harder for you to fall asleep. Soothing Sounds. If you want to play music, keep it low in the background. Classical music especially can aid the learning process. Take a Hike, Pal. Need a study break? Take a short, brisk walk. Clear your mind.

Misjudging someone’s use of silence can take place in many contexts and on many levels. Take pausing for example. One’s conversational style may be marked by frequent pausing, thus giving room(or time)for the discourse partner to jump into the conversation by taking his or her next turn. Some speakers, however, may think that the pauses others leave for them are not long enough to claim the floor(发言权)without being rude, while it may be the feeling of the other party that longer pauses would create awkward silences. Such differences in the perception and valuation of pauses may lead to conflict. The person who does not tolerate long pauses may wonder why the other does not want to talk, whereas the person who needs longer pauses to take a turn may think of his or her partner as intolerably talkative.

Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage.

我们应该充分利用每一个机会说英语。

这所大学提供了他所期望的一切。

如果我是他，我就会尽最大的努力按时完成任务。

While______ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. having orbited being orbited having been orbited orbiting

His __ ____ was telling him that something was wrong. intuition hypothesis inspiration sentiment

It is important that enough money______ to fund the project. be collected must be collected was collected can be collected

You cannot be______ careful when you drive a car. very so too enough