In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’ t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective. The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles. It’ s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us. Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility on the basis of the evidence they’ ve gathered. Here’ s part of their conclusions: In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’ t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the material will quickly disappear from your memory. It’ s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time. And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it’ s two weeks or two years, the longer the intervals should be. The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests—but not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aid in future retrieval (检索). While practice testing is not a common strategy—despite the strong evidence supporting it—there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having “ high utility“ by Dunlosky.

Would you like my old computer in ______ for this camera? exchange convert replace substitute

Much has been written on the virtues of natural childbirth, but little research has been done to______these virtues. confirm consult confess convey

Within a few years he was ______ from an ordinary clerk to the manager of the company. promoted raised developed improved

The captain was unwilling to______the command of the ship. hand over hand in hand out hand on

The new immigrants found it hard to ______ themselves to the climate of the country. adopt adapt regulate coordinate

I don’t think anyone can accuse her______not being frank. with in of at

The new school building,______ by the end of next year, can accommodate more than two thousand students. being accomplished having been accomplished accomplished to be accomplished

In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’ t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective. The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles. It’ s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us. Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility on the basis of the evidence they’ ve gathered. Here’ s part of their conclusions: In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’ t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the material will quickly disappear from your memory. It’ s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time. And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it’ s two weeks or two years, the longer the intervals should be. The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests—but not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aid in future retrieval (检索). While practice testing is not a common strategy—despite the strong evidence supporting it—there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having “ high utility“ by Dunlosky.

All our dreams may come true as long as we have the courage to pursue them.

She was fired for not performing the duties listed in the employment contract.

真人秀流行的原因是它们吸引了各个年龄段的人。

近几年来，越来越多的人认识到保护自然资源的重要性。

The______of pulling down the old houses is to make room for a new highway. purpose meaning fact use

He stayed patient and answered every single question, ______obvious the answer was. no matter when no matter whether no matter what no matter how

According to the regulation, inspections______ to ensure that the systems are in good condition. demanded have demanded be demanded are demanded

When we arrived at the airport, we were told our flight______. cancelled had cancelled has been cancelled had been cancelled

We are advised, while reading, not necessarily to ______ every new word in a dictionary but try to guess their meanings in the sentences. look up give off look for pick up

______he told us was the news______China got 26 gold medals in the 31st Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, ______, of course, made us feel very excited. What: which: which That: that: which What: that: which That: that: what

______the thing, John would have told you about it. If he has known Had he known If he knew Should he know

Coco Chanel, a French woman, is very famous for her success in the fashion world. The life of Coco Chanel is a classic rags-to-riches story. Born in 1883 , she was abandoned by her father after her mother died. She was raised by her aunts who taught her to sew and gave her the nickname Coco, which means “little pet“. Starting out as a hat designer, Coco went against the fancy hats being worn at the time. “How can a brain function under those things?“ she wondered. Instead, she created simple, but beautiful designs which became popular with fashionable young women of Paris. Strangely enough, World War I gave her the chance to develop her idea of simple elegance from hats to clothing. Due to the shortage of material during the war, she took the opportunity to show that less can truly be more, introducing turtleneck sweater and pants for women. In 1923, Coco launched her line of perfumes. “A woman who does not wear perfume has no future!“ she said, and women believed her. Since its first appearance, Chanel No. 5 has been the world’s most popular perfume, with another bottle being sold every 30 seconds. And Coco herself inspired generations of women designers and businesswomen to pursue their dreams.

How did the psychologists study and rate the learning strategies?

The underlined word “extensive“ in Para. 2 means______.

About distributed practice and practice testing, it’ s true that ______.

The strategy of distributed practice shows that______.

The evidence shows that the strategy of practice testing______.